Operations and Business Strategy of McDonalds

Operations and Business Strategy of McDonalds INTRODUCTION: McDonald is a very popular fast food business which is operating all over the world. It started its operations in sixties and currently it is serving worldwide chain of 30,000 restaurants. McDonald restaurant has a quality that it serves its product according to the culture of that region where they are operating. Several artifacts of modern world has been very well organized as Macdonalds famous product, promotional plan with the famed toys and films, its participation in the aid organization and its dispersion classified adds. More than 75% of McDonald is owned and operated by local men and women. Its serves more than 40million people per day. It gets about 82% of its revenue from 8 different countries which include Japan, Korea, Australia, France, Germany and USA. But the biggest achievements got by McDonald in these countries is creating a good name and brand image in peoples mind and hygiene cautions are the main driving advantage it has which helps the Macdonald to attract many customers. They have created a corporate symbol and saturated advertisement has helped the Macdonald by creating a good brand name and image of logo in the millions of people mind. Overall McDonald planned plan is called plan to succeed. There focal point is not to be the biggest fast food chain in the world but the finest fast food chain. McDonald planned philosophy in the rear this plan is generates recovered experience through the finishing of multiple proposals immediate the five factor of incomparable customer understanding. (McDonald, 2009) A key element of the MacDonald strategy since the beginning has been to own all the property on which the MacDonald was built doesnt matter the property is franchised or company owned. Rental money differs from property to property but it has been estimated that McDonald generate more money from its rents of the property than the franchise fees it charges. The success of the MacDonald since its beginning can be attributed to the customers service it provides. Each restaurant wants to have a good brand image by giving quality food and good customers services. In both field McDonald has made its name as it is providing quality and cheap food together with quality service. It has come with a limited menu but with great improvements. Another invention was the introduction of the play area. MacDonald is continuing new inventions to facilitate the mass customization process. In 2001 McDonalds began standardizing its technology its existing point of sale system with the office system in more than 11,000 stores in the United States. The company is investing in a common point of sale which will be available to use all over the world in its branches. (typepad, 2009) McDonalds make possible the replace of value by matching the money paid by customers with quality and diversity of products and services resulting to the customer feeling of having acknowledged their moneys significance and even more than what they compensated for. McDonald objective the customer happiness by food preparation the penchant to formulate the customers feels satisfied about the cost exchange. McDonald is advice for the family or friends get-together as well. MCDONALDS VISION To be the best and leading fast food provider around the globe MISSION STATEMENT McDonalds vision is to be the worlds best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, value, and cleanliness so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile OPERATIONS AND BUSINESS STRATEGY Business strategy is defined as it is a long term planning of a business with specific goals and target within a specific time with the available resources. It is a management plan constructed by the top level of management in order to make the business runs in profit. In McDonald the business strategy for the company is to make food fast available to its customers at a very low competitive price but to get profit as well by reducing the cost of the product and expanding the business world wide. Operations strategies play a very important role in achieving organizational goals. By using these strategies an organization controls and maintains all of its operations. So these should make after a comprehensive marketing analysis according to capabilities and resources of an organization. Operation management strategies in McDonald are being made by made by top management. These strategies are implemented in all the branches of the McDonald and these strategies are distributed to all its franchise branches in the written form. So there are operational managers in all the branches that control all operational activities. McDonald has adopted a strategy which is based on the three sections. This strategy has emphasizing on the customer importance and customers satisfaction. As the company has increased using the information technology, it has developed new ideas to improve the operational activities of the business. With the introduction of stock control data base system, it avoids unnecessary ordering; keep the stock up to date in store. It has become very easy and time saving now to order the stock. Stockrooms are directly attached to point of sale system and the manager knows what product is moving fast and how much he should order more products. (typepad, 2009) REDUCING COST WITH MORE EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT The challenge facing the global equipment suppliers when they design the fryers for our restaurants is to develop such kind of equipment that are more energy efficient and gives better taste while improving the crew efficiency and using less cooking oil. The low down oil quantity Fryer is the next age band fryer. LOV improves cooking efficiency, simplifies filtering and cleaning, and provide enhanced environmental benefits. The LOVs ground-breaking design allows restaurants to roast the same sum of produce with in the region of 40% smaller amount oil. It in addition uses more or less 4 % a lesser amount of liveliness than average fryers. (Gallagher, 2003) In McDonald lighting represent an important role in reducing the cost of its operations. McDonald uses fluorescent low consumption lighting in the kitchen. Tests revealed that each restaurant saves 11,000kWh of electricity each year. Packaging plays an important role of McDonald brand not only for quality, integrity and safety but also in its visibility to our customers. McDonald also use its cooking oil in its transport operation which has significantly reduces the cost of operation as well. Its not policy of McDonald to make its employee work efficiently but with limited resources but it provides everything to its staff they required to do the the job efficiently and according to health and safety methods. It helps the McDonald to get more productivity and get more revenue and improve its services. In order to achieve its business strategy goals, McDonald is emphasizing more and more on reducing its cost of operational activities. In order to reduce the cost McDonalds purchases most of the vegetables especially potatoes directly from farmers, this help the McDonald not even to cut the cost of chips production but also get fresh vegetable for salad for its customers. This also helps McDonald to not get effected by the fluctuations in the market prices. (typepad, 2009) Aside from offering hamburgers and fresh fries, McDonald has start serving the family treat and as a community centre for the senior citizen. It has also start giving indoor playgrounds and promotional toys to its kids as well. As this movement begins there is an addition of extra service-oriented equipment is desired. They can carry out studies and review to improve knows which among the different possibilities serves the companys target in good way. These will involve robots to do order tacking in replace of humans, automated processes of food in McDonald has (typepad, 2009) McDonald has a policy to be in the market as a market leader. In order to keep its leadership it keeps low cost and gets more income by selling food at cheap price. Food made with the help of machine is considered more hygienic; however the continuous development in the technology McDonald and especially its employees as they have to serve quick services. Computers and smart cashiers are used by the employees so that they would not get confused and they are provided with customized database management system. These all operational activities are conducted in all the branches of McDonald worldwide in order to successfully implement the business strategy of the McDonald. MCDONALD LAYOUT, PROCESS TYPE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGIES MCDONALD KITCHEN LAYOUT The strategy refers to the overall working and general environment offered by the McDonald. It includes the personal level, service and product layout, interior and exterior. McDonald has a policy to serve the fresh food to it customers in a minimum time and at the same time they want to get as many as possible customers to get the more income. The most important thing on which McDonald operational department concentrate is the customers satisfaction. Customers satisfaction can only be achieved if it serves the customers with a good quality food in a quickly with minimum price. In order to perform this whole process McDonald has a very specific type of layout. This layout gives an easy access to the staff to serves the customers in a quick way. At the till when a staff serves the customer, staff has a everything in its reach required by the customer. (Gallagher, 2003) McDonald keep maximum number of tills opens to serves the customers and each staff takes average one minute to serves the customer. The chairs are arranged in such a way that it gives a minimum disruption to the people who are standing in the queue. In the kitchen department McDonald has selected high efficiency fryers which take minimum time to fry the chips. Operations manager has assigned the task to different staff members according to their ability. McDonald get most of the things in ready to serve form from its main headquarter which decrease the cost of producing the food and it also help the McDonald to keep the quality same all over its stores. Staff in McDonald only has to put the food in oil and it gets ready to serve. It also helps the McDonald to save lot of storage cost. In order to keep the system runs smoothly McDonald always keeps good relation with the suppliers. Their supplier makes sure that they deliver the goods to McDonald in the minimum possible time. (Swearingen, 2003) STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF LAYOUT Proper layout enables: It makes the utilization of space, equipment and people more efficient. It enables the movements of information, materials and peoples more effective. It boosts the employee morale and helps to provide him safer working conditions. It helps to improve the customers relations with clients. Flexibility Layout design mean the overall working and general environment offered by the McDonald. It includes the personal level, service and product layout, interior and exterior etc. STRATEGIES: Exterior McDonald sets its premises in proper manner to handle any number of customers easily. The building design is standard world wide but it may be have some difference in size or in exterior according to the location. It enables them to save time, satisfy their customers, comfortable environment for both employees and customers. Ray Kroc was the first person in McDonalds history who took the initative to franchise the McDonald. He also maintain the McDonald outlooks, its signs and layout same every where in the world which has directly improved the sale of the company. As it has an attractive layout and eye catching sign boards. Interior: Interiors areset to be depoliticized. In addition to new restaurant lighting, menu boards, artwork and graphics, new materials will offer choice when it comes to decor selection. Technology perks include Wi-Fi, programmed music, and video. (typepad, 2009) MCDONALDS USE OF TECHNOLOGIES McDonalds has invested a huge amount of money on creating a technology board which has help the McDonald to adopt new and new technologies in its operations with time. The main job of this board is to recommend the management to buy those kind of equipment which are very effective in saving the energy as well as are more productive. In 2001 McDonald has start investing money in the improvements of point to sale ordering system and at the same time linking the point to sale system with the back office computer in all over the world. So this thing has helped the management to know what actually happening inside the business. What customer likes and what they dislikes. McDonald has invested capital in the improvement of electronic payment system as well which has make possible to process the transactions in less than 4 seconds. (swearingen, 2003) McDonald uses the best equipment to carry out the day to day operation in its outlet. MCDONALD EXPLOTATION OF VALUE CHAIN AND QUALITY PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Competition Restaurant industry is highly competitive industry. There are many small fast food businesses in the industry that fight each other to improve their customer base. McDonald is not exception to this. Since it establishment in 1940, MCD has excelled in this sector. Nevertheless to stay in the competition, it started with MCafe. This helped the company to stay in the business as a major fast food business. Another major step came out when McDonald started breakfast to compete with the existing businesses serving breakfast. Hence this industry is extremely competitive and the MDC should be up to date with customer taste and preferences. Quality is very important for McDonald in order to stay in the market but at the same time it has to keep the prices minimum to maintain the cost leadership. Ease of entry Although it is hard to enter in the restaurant business as it demand a lot of investment and it is hard to establish a distinct brand name as well. There is a cost of entry in the market and there is high research and development cost. Large established companies like McDonald perform compose it more easier said than done to enter and achieve something within the souk, new entrant find with the intention of they are facade with worth antagonism from offered string eating place. At the same McDonald working hard to maintain the quality same throughout the time. It is aware that if it compromise on its quality then it will make very much easier for the new entrant to attract the customers with better quality of its food products. Substitutes McDonald keeps a very close watch on its quality because it is aware that customers have many others substitutes of its food products. e.g MDC burgers, Beverages and dairy products. Strength of Suppliers The suppliers power in the fast food manufacturing is quite miniature unless the foremost feature of the item for consumption is not voluntarily on hand. Strength of Buyers Relatively strength of buyers in this industry is relatively low.(Ifm, 2009) PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF VALUE CHAIN The main objectives of these kinds of activities are to give the customer a level of value which is more than the cost of activities. This has enables the McDonald to gain more profits. The primary value chain activities are: Inbound Logistics Inbound logistics is the raw material McDonald received in its warehouse and then distribute it to different branches according to their requirements McDonald has an efficient warehousing and transporting goods to its branches. All the products are made in the warehousing and goods are distributed as per the requirement of each branch. Operations It is the activities which are being conducted in order to transform the inputs into finished products and services. McDonald has a very good operation system as it has trained staff for each task in the kitchen. Most of its product is already in the ready to serve form. All they have to put them in the ovens or in the oil and the product get ready to serve in the minimum possible time which normally takes from 1-5 minutes. Outbound Logistics Outbound logistics mean to keep the finished goods in warehouses and then distribute them to different branches. McDonald has a very well established transporting system. As all of its products are prepared at the warehouse, so in order to improve the distribution process it has applied the IT technology which inform the warehouse body that which branch is running out of the products, so before the products get finished it immediately make available the product to the branch. This process is very cost effective as branches do not need to have the stock room for the goods. Marketing Sale It is a complete science that McDonald use to market its products in order to generate more sales. Service All the extra activities which are provided to customers even after the sale of goods. The primary activities are supported by : Technology development Technologies helps the McDonald to access the activities done inside the business which are as follow: Cost advantage Keep a eye on the costs and minimizing it out of the value adding actions. According to the porters five forces analysis McDonald competes with the forces which are inside the business in order to gain the maximum profitability. So it proves that business profitability is took place in the porters five forces mode. (Ifm, 2009) Further there are Secondary support activities which directly supporting the operational activities of the business. HRM department make it possible for the business to get the energetic people to perform the operations. They always keep motivating the staff to work hard. The Management makes possible to select the technology which is cost effective together with the efficiency. CONCLUSION McDonald is a very well established organization. The success of the McDonald is completely based on the extensive research of the market internal and external forces. It has done research on the people behavior of specific country, on their culture, buying power and social issue. McDonald has paid special attention on the location of the business, its interior and exterior outlook and types of technologies it going to use to get the maximum production at short time. The most important thing which it focused on was the quality and the market forces which directly affect the business. REFERENCES Publications from McDonald web site. McDonald culture and history. 2009. [online]. [Accessed on 4 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/work/companyhistory.html. Publications from biz/ed web site. McDonald. 2009. [online]. [Accessed on 5 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mcindex.htm. Publications from typepad web site. McDonalds business Strategy. 2009. [Accessed on 5 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/mcdonalds-business-strategy.html. GALLANGHER, S. 2003. McDonalds technology trials.[online]. [Accessed on 10 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Projects-Management/McDonalds-Technology-Trials/. SWEARINGEN, J. 2000. Operations Management, Layout Strategy. [online]. [Accessed on 11 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://online.uis.edu/spring2000/bus322/lectures/chap09/sld001.htm. Publications from Ifm website. Porters value chain. [online]. [Accessed on 23 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/dstools/paradigm/valuch.html. PAUL, J. 2005. International Business. New Delhi. 2nd Edition. Ashoke K Gosh. Publications from typepad web site. McDonalds business Strategy. 2009. [Accessed on 5 December 2009]. Available from World Wide Web: http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/02/strategic-business-analysis-of-mcdonalds.html

Production System

Production systems What is a production system? An apparel production system is an integration of material handling production process, personnel and the equipment that directs work flow and generates finished products. Different types of production systems are †¢ Progressive bundle system †¢ Unit production system †¢ Modular production system Each system requires an appropriate management philosophy, materials handling methods, floor layout, and Employee training. Firms may combine or adapt these systems to meet their specific production needs.Firms may use only one system, a combination of systems for one Product line, or different systems for different product lines in the same plant. Progressive Bundle System The progressive bundle system (PBS) gets its name from the bundles of garment parts that are moved sequentially from operation to operation. This system, often referred to as the traditional production system, has been widely used by apparel manufacturers for several decades and still is today. The expert says that use of bundle systems would decrease as firms seek more flexibility in their production systems [pic]Work flow in progressive bundle system Bundles consist of garment parts needed to complete a specific operation or garment component. For example, an operation bundle for pocket setting might include shirt fronts and pockets that are to be attached. Bundle sizes may range from two to a hundred parts. Some firms operate with a standard bundle size, while other firms vary bundle sizes according to cutting orders, fabric shading, size of the pieces in the bundle, and the operation that is to be completed. Bundles are assembled in the cutting room where cut parts are matched up with corresponding parts and bundle tickets.Bundles of cut parts are transported to the sewing room and given to the operator scheduled to complete the operation. One operator is expected to perform the same operation on all the pieces in the bundle, retie t he bundle, process coupon, and set it aside until it is picked up and moved to the next operation. A progressive bundle system may require a high volume of work in process cause of the number of units in the bundles and the large buffer of backup that is needed to ensure a continuous work flow for all operators. [pic] The progressive bundle systemThe progressive bundle system may be used with a skill center or line layout depending on the order that bundles are advanced through production. Each style may have different processing requirements and thus different routing. Routing identifies basic operations, sequence of production, and the skill centers where those operations are to be performed. Some operations are common to many styles, and at those operations, work may build up waiting to be processed. Advantages and disadvantages of using progressive bundle system AdvantagesThe success of a bundle system may depend on how the system is set up and used in a plant. This system may a llow better utilization of specialized machines, as output from one special purpose automated machine may be able to supply several operators for the next operation. Small bundles allow faster throughput unless there are bottlenecks and extensive waiting between operations. Disadvantages: The progressive bundle system is driven by cost efficiency for individual operations. Operators perform the same operation on a continuing basis, which allows them to increase their speed and productivity.Operators who are compensated by piece rates become extremely efficient at one operation and may not be willing to learn a new operation because it reduces their efficiency and earnings. Individual operators that work in a progressive bundle system are independent of other operators and the final product. Slow processing, absenteeism, and equipment failure may also cause major bottlenecks within the system. Large quantities of work in process are often characteristic of this type of production sys tem.This may lead to longer throughput time, poor quality concealed by bundles, large inventory, extra handling, and difficulty in controlling inventory Unit production system A unit production system (UPS) is a type of line layout that uses an overhead transporter system to move garment components from work station to work station for Assembly [pic] Work flow of unit production All the parts for a single garment are advanced through the production line together by means of a hanging carrier that travels along an overhead conveyor.The overhead rail system consists of the main conveyor and accumulating rails for each work station. The overhead conveyor operates much like a railroad track. Carriers are moved along the main conveyor and switched to an accumulating rail at the work station where an operation is to be performed. At the completion of an operation the operator presses a button, and the carrier moves on to the next operation. Most unit production systems are linked to a com puter control center that routes and tracks production and provides up-to-the-minute data for management decisions. The utomatic control of work flow sorts work, balances the line, and reduces claims of favouritism in bundle distribution. Electronic data collection provides payroll and inventory data, immediate tracking of styles, and costing and performance data for prompt decisions. Processing begins at a staging area in the sewing room. Cut parts for one unit of a single style are grouped and loaded directly from the staging area to a hanging carrier. Loading is carefully planned so minimal handling is required to deliver garment parts in precisely the order and manner that they will be sewn.When possible, operations are completed without removing the parts from the carrier. Varied sizes and types of hanging carriers are available for different types of products. Automated materials handling replaces the traditional system of bundling, tying and untying, and manually moving garme nt parts. Unit production systems eliminate most of the lifting and turning needed to handle bundles and garment parts. The need for bundle tickets and processing operator coupons is also eliminated when an integrated computer system monitors the work of each operator.Individual bar codes or electronic devices are embedded in the carriers and read by a bar code scanner at each workstation and control points. Any data that are needed for sorting and processing such as style number, color shade, and lot can be included. Integrated systems have on-line terminals located at each work station to collect data on each operation. Each operator may advance completed units, reroute units that need repair or processing to a different station, and check their efficiencies and earnings Operator may signal for more inventory or call for a supervisor if assistance is needed.The terminals at each station enables central control center to track each unit at any given moment and provide management wi th data to make immediate decisions on routing and scheduling. Operators of the UPS control center can determine sequences of orders and colors to keep operators supplied with work and to minimize change in equipment, operations, and thread colors. A unit production system can control multiple routes and simultaneous production of multiple styles without restructuring production lines. The control center may perform routing and automatic balancing of work flow, which reduces bottlenecks and work stoppages.Each operator as well as the control center is able to monitor individual work history. individual unit, number of units completed, the operator who worked on each unit, and the piece rate earned for each unit. The system will calculate the earnings per hour, per day, and the efficiency rate of each operator. Advantages: Benefits of a unit production system depend on how a system is used and the effectiveness of management. Throughput time in the sewing room can be drastically redu ced when compared to the progressive bundle system because works in process levels are reduced.Operator productivity increases. Direct labor costs are reduced because of propositioned parts in the carriers and elimination of bundle processing. Indirect labor costs may be reduced by elimination of bundle handling and requiring fewer supervisors. Quality is improved because of accountability of all operators and immediate visibility of problems that are no longer concealed in bundles for extended periods of time. The central control system makes it possible to immediately track a quality problem to the operator that completed the operation.Other benefits that are realized are improved attendance and employee turnover and reduced space utilization. Disadvantages: Considerations for installing a UPS include costs of buying equipment, cost of installing, specialized training for the system, and prevention of downtime. Down time is a potential problem with any of the systems, but the low work in process that is maintained makes UPS especially vulnerable. Modular Production System A modular production system is a contained, manageable work unit that includes an empowered work team, equipment, and work to be executed.Modules frequently operate as minifactories with teams responsible for group goals and self-management. The number of teams in a plant varies with the size and needs of the firm and product line. Teams can have a niche function as long as there are orders for that type of product, but the success of this type of operation is in the flexibility of being able to produce a wide variety of products in small quantities. The numbers of employees on a team, usually 4 to 15, vary with the product mix. A general rule of thumb is to determine the average number of operations required for a style being produced and divide by three.Team members cross-trained and interchangeable among tasks within the group. Incentive compensation is based on group pay and bonuses for meeting team goals for output and quality. Individual incentive compensation is not appropriate for team-based production. Teams may be used to perform all the operations or a certain portion of the assembly operations depending on the organization of the module and processes required. Before a firm can establish a modular production system, it must prioritize its goals and make decisions that reflect the needs of the firm.With a team-based system operators are given the responsibility for operating their module to meet goals for throughput and quality. The team is responsible for maintaining a smooth work flow, meeting production goals, maintaining a specified quality level, and handling motivational support for the team. Team members develop an interdependency to improve the process and accomplish their goals. Interdependency is the relationship among team members that utilizes everyone's strengths for the betterment of the team. Work flow in modular production system [pic]A Modu lar Production System operates as a Pull System, with demand for work coming from the next operator in line to process the garment. Wastage is normal, and workflow is continuous and does not wait ahead of each operation. This increases the potentials for flexibility of styles and quantities of products that can be produced. Teams usually operate as ‘Stand-up’ or ‘Sit-down’ units A module may be divided into several work zones based on the sequence of operations and the time required for each operation. A work zone consists of a group of sequential operations. Operators are trained to perform the operations in their work zone and djacent operations in adjoining work zones so they can move freely from one operation to another as the garment progresses Work flow within a module may be with a Single-piece hand-off, Kanban, or Bump- back system. If a single-piece hand-off is used, machines are arranged in a very tight configuration. As soon as an operation is co mpleted the part is handed to the next operator for processing. Operations need to be well balanced as there is usually only one garment component between each operation. Some modules may operate with a buffer or small bundle of up to ten pieces of work between operators.If a small bundle is used, an operator will complete the operation on the entire bundle and carry the bundle to the next operation. An operator may follow a component or bundle for as many operations as they have been trained or until the adjacent operator is ready to assume work on the bundle Advantages of a Modular Production System are: 1. ) High flexibility 2. ) Fast throughput times 3. ) Low wastages 4. ) Reduced Absenteeism 5. ) Reduced Repetitive Motion Ailments 6. ) Increased employee ownership of the production process 7. ) Empowered employees 8. ) Improved QualityDisadvantages of Modular Production System: 1. ) A high capital investment in equipment. 2. ) High investment in initial training. 3. ) High cost incurred in continued training Combinations of Production Systems Some firms may use the progressive bundle system for producing small parts Combined with modular production for garment assembly. This reduces the investment in specialized equipment and reduces the team size needed. Some industry consultants believe that a modular system combined with a unit production system provides the most flexibility, fastest throughput, and most consistent quality.This would be particularly useful for large items such as coveralls or heavy coats. The UPS would move the garment instead of the operators. Each manufacturer needs to determine what is best for its product line and production requirements. The another major and oldest production system followed in industry is TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM (TPS) Toyota production system [pic] History of (TPS) The production system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation to provide best quality, lowest cost, and shortest lead time through the elimination of waste.Development of TPS is credited to Taiichi Ohno, Toyota's chief of production in post-WWII period. Beginning in machining operation and spreading from there, Ohno led the development of TPS at Toyota throughout the 1950's and 1960's and the dissemination to the supply base through the 1960's and 1970's. Toyota Motor Corporation's vehicle production system is a way of â€Å"making things† that is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"lean manufacturing system† or a â€Å"Just-in-Time (JIT) system,† and has come to be well known and studied worldwide.Then, in 1924, Sakichi invented the world's first automatic loom, called the â€Å"Type-G Toyoda Automatic Loom (with non-stop shuttle-change motion)† which could change shuttles without stopping operation. The Toyota term â€Å"jido† is applied to a machine with a built-in device for making judgments, whereas the regular Japanese term â€Å"jido† (automation) is simply applied to a machine that m oves on its own. Jidoka refers to â€Å"automation with a human touch,† as opposed to a machine that simply moves under the monitoring and supervision of an operator. Since the loom stopped when a problem arose, no defective products were produced. This meant that a single operator could be put in charge of numerous looms, resulting in a tremendous improvement in productivity. [pic] Just in time `Just-in-time' is a management philosophy and not a technique.Just-in-Time† means making only â€Å"what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed. † To efficiently produce a large number of products such as automobiles, which are comprised of some 30,000 parts, it is necessary to create a detailed production plan that includes parts procurement, for example. Supplying â€Å"what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount needed† according to this production plan can eliminate waste, inconsistencies, and unreasonable requirements, resulting in imp roved productivity. Kanban system [pic] Kanban is a production system†¦ its a part of toyato production or lean manufacturing system†¦ Kanban is a Japanese word which means signal cards†¦. These cards are hung where ever required†¦ o only when this card indicated that the particular space is empty; the products are filled back in the tray†¦ This is a simple concept, but very effective. Kanban mainly focus on the reduction of overproduction. The is also interlinked with the Toyota production system In the TPS, a unique production control method called the â€Å"Kanban system† plays an important role. The Kanban system has also been called the â€Å"Supermarket method† because the idea behind it was borrowed from supermarkets. Supermarkets and mass merchandizing stores use product control cards on which product-related information, such as product name, product code, and storage location, is entered.Because Toyota employed Kanban signs in place o f the cards for use in production processes, the method came to be called the â€Å"Kanban system. † At Toyota, when a process goes to the preceding process to retrieve parts, it uses a Kanban to communicate what parts have been used. Here a Kanban system is used [pic] There are two kinds of Kanban †¢ Production instruction Kanban †¢ Parts retrieval kanban Cellular manufacturing What is cellular manufacturing? Cellular manufacturing, sometimes called cellular or cell production, arranges factory floor labor into semi-autonomous and multi-skilled teams, or work cells, who manufacture complete products or complex components.Properly trained and implemented cells are more flexible and responsive than the traditional mass-production line, and can manage processes, defects, scheduling, equipment maintenance, and other manufacturing issues more efficiently [pic] History Cellular manufacturing is a fairly new application of group technology, although the Portsmouth Block M ills offers what by definition constitutes an early example of cellular manufacturing. By 1808, using machinery designed by Marc Isambard Brunel and constructed by Henry Maudslay, the Block Mills were producting 130,000 blocks (pulleys) for the Royal Navy per year in single unit lots, with 10 men operating 42 machines arranged in three production flow lines. This installation apparently reduced manpower requirements by 90% (from 110 to 10), reduced cost substantially and greatly improved block consistency and quality.Group Technology is a management strategy with long term goals of staying in business, growing, and making profits. Companies are under relentless pressure to reduce costs while meeting the high quality expectations of the customer to maintain a competitive advantage. Successfully implementing Cellular manufacturing allows companies to achieve cost savings and quality improvements, especially when combined with the other aspects of lean manufacturing. Cell manufacturing systems are currently used to manufacture anything from hydraulic and engine pumps used in aircraft to plastic packaging components made using injection molding. Goals of cellular manufacturingThe goal of cellular manufacturing is having the flexibility to produce a high variety of low demand products, while maintaining the high productivity of large scale production. Cell designers achieve this through modularity in both process design and product design. Process design The division of the entire production process into discrete segments, and the assignment of each segment to a work cell, introduces the modularity of processes. If any segment of the process needs to be changed, only the particular cell would be affected, not the entire production line. For example, if a particular component was prone to defects, and this could be solved by upgrading the equipment, a new work cell could be designed and prepared while the obsolete cell continued production.Once the new cell is teste d and ready for production, the incoming parts to and outgoing parts from the old cell will simply be rerouted to the new cell without having to disrupt the entire production line. In this way, work cells enable the flexibility to upgrade processes and make variations to products to better suit customer demands while largely reducing or eliminating the costs of stoppages. Product Design Product modularity must match the modularity of processes. Even though the entire production system becomes more flexible, each individual cell is still optimised for a relatively narrow range of tasks, in order to take advantage of the mass-production efficiencies of specialisation and scale.To the extent that a large variety of products can be designed to be assembled from a small number of modular parts, both high product variety and high productivity can be achieved. For example, a varied range of automobiles may be designed to use the same chassis, a small number of engine configurations, and a moderate variety of car bodies, each available in a range of colors. In this way, a large variety of automobiles, with different performances and appearances and functions, can be produced by combining the outputs from a more limited number of work cells. In combination, each modular part is designed for a particular work cell, or dedicated clusters of machines or manufacturing processes.Cells are usually bigger than typical conventional workstations, but smaller than a complete conventional department. After conversion, a cellular manufacturing layout usually requires less floor space as a result of the optimized production processes. Each cell is responsible for its own internal control of quality, scheduling, ordering, and record keeping. The idea is to place the responsibility of these tasks on those who are most familiar with the situation and most able to quickly fix any problems. The middle management no longer has to monitor the outputs and interrelationships of every single worker, and instead only has to monitor a smaller number of work cells and the flow of materials between them, often achieved using a system of kanbans

A Unique Business Plan

[pic] Based on a Study of Business Environment & Entrepreneurship Development History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan Based on a Study of Business Environment & Entrepreneurship Development Prepared for- Mr. Shuvabrata Saha, Lecturer, Department of Accounting & Information systems, Comilla University. Prepared by- Group name-â€Å" Rising† 4th Year, 1st semester, Department of Accounting & Information Systems , Comilla University. comilla Submission date- July 04, 2011. [pic] Comilla UniversitySalmanpur, Kotbari Comilla April 30, Mr. Shuvabrata Saha, Lecturer, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. Subject: Submission of Term paper on â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†. Dear Sir, With due respect, we are submitting this Term paper on the topic of â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†, under the requirement of the course â€Å"Business Envi ronment And Entrepreneurship Development’’, as you have asked us to prepare it on last March 30.We all are thankful to you for your concrete knowledge about the subject matter that helped us to lead the Term paper to its successful competition. We have prepared this according to class lecture, through group discussion and through the help of secondary sources-Internet. And we hope that this Term paper will help us in accomplishing future entrepreneurial matters and as well as to establish a successful business. If you face any disorder or mistakes in interpreting this Term paper than please inform us, so that we can correct our mistakes as early as possible.Sincerely Yours, Tahmina Mannan On behalf of the group-â€Å" Rising†, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. [pic] The preparation of a Term paper and its accomplishment successfully is quiet impossible except someone who can sincerely and constructively assists us to make a Term paper in a benefiting manner. And thus we would like to specially extend thanks to our honorable course teacher, â€Å"Mr. Shuvabrata Saha†, for his guidelines, valuable insights and suggestions regarding the preparation of the Term paper to its completion.It is a great pleasure in submitting the Term paper which is the outcome of our preparing program of a Case Study on â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†, under the course â€Å"Business Environment And Entrepreneurship Development’’ We are truly gratified and grateful to our honorable Sir, who are for the first time encourages us to make a Multimedia PowerPoint Presentation on this Term paper and made a confidence on us to do such courageous tasks successfully.We hope in future we will get his assistance to make such kind of study and we also hope we will get his solitude indications and valuable advice in future as always. At last we shall be grateful to those pers on who read this Term paper and who shall get benefit from this at present and in future. Tahmina Mannan, On behalf of The Group-â€Å" Rising†, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. [pic] The executive summary that results from this study are to add the following- †¢ History of Entrepreneurship Development in Japan, USA, UK, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. A Unique Business Plan. Supporting these above topic the following findings and conclusions drawn from the study. Firstly, we have discussed here the history of entrepreneurship development in case of Japan, USA, UK, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. For the crucial and significance role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development in the past that reached at today’s advanced entrepreneurship are here briefly examined. Secondly, we have discussed about a Unique Business Plan that are suggested us to be more unique, innovative, infeasible and profitable as well.Thus we have tr ied to present and share here shortly the idea, the concept of a unique business plan. We have also highlighted a group of steps for establishing a business and compared with our Business Plan. [pic] Term Paper Concludes: Page no: History of Entrepreneurship Development1 In Japan6 In USA In UK In India In Pakistan In Bangladesh A Unique Business Plan Recommendation28 Conclusion28 Bibliography29 History of Entrepreneurship DevelopmentEntrepreneurship development essentially requires a process of upward change whereby the real capital income of a country increases over a period of time . Entrepreneurship has an important role to play in the development of a country. It is one of the most important inputs in economic development. The number and competence of entrepreneurs affect the economic growth of the country. The economic history of the presently advanced countries like USA, UK, Japan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh supports the fact that economic development is the outcome for w hich entrepreneurship is an inevitable cause.The crucial and significant role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development of advanced countries has made the people of developing and under developed countries conscious of the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development. It is now a widely accepted fact that active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs can only explore the potentials of the countries availability of resources such as labor, capital and technology. The history and role of entrepreneurship is not identical in the various economies.Depending on the material resources, industry climate and responsiveness of the political system, it varies from economy to economy. The contribution of entrepreneurs may be more in favorable opportunity conditions than in economies with relatively less favorable opportunity conditions. The entrepreneurship development of each of these country mainly includes the following in considerations: 1) Employment Generation 2) Nationa l Income 3) Balanced Regional Development 4) Dispersal of economic power ) Better standards of living 6) Creating innovation The characteristics and the history of entrepreneurship development of USA, UK, Japan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are discussed here in a brief manner. In USA History and current issue on entrepreneurship in the USA economy was dull in 1980’s . However, they achieved a drastic recovery to return to the highest position in the international economy after 1990’s. We search the roots and history of entrepreneurship in the USA to discuss about the role of it in the USA economy.There is no doubt that entrepreneurship is a corollary of American business. The world's most famous entrepreneurs have been American: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, Edward H. Harriman, J. P. Morgan, and Pierre du Pont, to name a few. Their very names are synonymous with entrepreneurship. The stories of their success make the concept of entrepreneurship ta ngible. The American economy provides the largest and richest study of how entrepreneurs have advanced technologies, organizations, and social patterns-in short, the full spectrum of human opportunities.Globalization is one aspect of widespread and robust entrepreneurship. To be sure, business practices spawned and developed here are being used all over the world with some variations. The emergence and role of the innovative entrepreneur in the United States from the colonial period to modern times provides a probing exploration of our unique past. The first American colonists were the earliest entrepreneurs in this country. Bearing a positive outlook and pursuing dreams of success, they were the model for generations of entrepreneurs to follow.Yet, unlike their predecessors who found fortune in Europe and other regions of the world, these â€Å"Founding Entrepreneurs had to create a viable operation out of local resources, which had yet to yield anywhere near a competitive return, † says Gunderson in An Entrepreneurial History of the United States. These first capitalists played a critical role in the development of the United States into a global economic power and a country that has, on the whole, created an exemplary standard of living for its citizens.As Gunderson notes, these early entrepreneurs were successful in â€Å"redeploying resources creating exports that were competitive in international trade, and devising organizations that encouraged participants to harness their personal interests toward those of the colony. †Ã‚   An Entrepreneurial History of the United States, first published in 1989, chronicles the story of the nation’s economic beginning, and makes the story compelling by including profiles of famed business figures and companies.The stories of such entrepreneurs as Robert Fulton, John Jacob Astor, Andrew Carnegie, Thomas Edison, and Henry Ford and such companies as AT, DuPont, and Sears Roebuck are told. The history of entrepreneurship falls into phases tied to ever-changing business conditions and social circumstances. In some cases, entrepreneurship helped to usher in new phases; in other cases, it seized on opportunities for new products or services. The interplay between entrepreneurs and colonial society is thus a recurrent theme.The personal attributes shared by entrepreneurs, such as a special knowledge or ability in some field, a drive to apply this knowledge or ability to a business market in a novel way, and a combination of practicality and vision in applying the new idea. However, despite their creativity and drive, few entrepreneurs were overnight successes. Their accomplishments were earned after a long, persistent period of trial and error. The successful entrepreneur was not an especially ingenious individual who took a big risk and saw it pay off. A major misconception is that entrepreneurs assume particularly large risks,† says Gunderson. Rather, â€Å"a development usu ally unfolds as continuing, small problems, where mismanagement of an individual opportunity often can be corrected and then recouped by persistence. † Entrepreneurs are convinced they are on to something even in the face of obstacles and mismanagement in the early stages of their venture. Gunderson notes that, â€Å"As an entrepreneurial venture grows, its members learn about the niche that the product serves.Frequently the firm becomes recognized as the best source of such expertise in the world. †Ã‚   While natural resources, an abundant labor supply, available capital and the Protestant ethic of hard work and thrift all contributed to America's phenomenal economic development, Professor Gunderson, in his remarkably lucid, nontechnical, popular history, accords even greater credit to the motivation and initiative of individual and group entrepreneurs who possessed an ability to change and develop new technologies without which, an economy or society stagnates.Moreove r, he persuasively challenges the view that modern growth did not begin until the Industrial Revolution, citing the entrepreneurial activities of the colonists . He follows the evolution of entrepreneurs from such early 19th century inventors as Fulton, Morse and Cyrus McCormick to the great late 19th and 20th century tycoon-innovators who contributed to the unparalled growth of the country. But many of these entrepreneur-founders, failed to fill the new leadership demands of complex, publicly held mega-corporations, especially in the new service and electronic industries.According to Gunderson, the growth of the U. S. economy since colonial times is due more to entrepreneurial initiative than to the more widely recognized theory of the Protestant work ethic. He retells the economic history of the United States by noting the contributions of many individual entrepreneurs who have, in his opinion, made a difference. This point of view invites comparison with George Gilder's The Spiri t of Enterprise (which ultimately is the more important work.However, Gunderson does contribute an adequate survey of American business history to add to collections on the subject of entrepreneurship. In UK Entrepreneurship has emerged within the past 30 years as a distinctive discipline within the field of Business and Management. Research has shifted from an individual-centric approach which has sought to understand entrepreneurship by focusing on those individuals who exhibit entrepreneurial behaviours towards an environment-centric approach which seeks to locate and understand the situations in which entrepreneurs are found.Neither approach has offered a coherent approach to understanding entrepreneurship. More recently, a consensus has emerged that at the core of entrepreneurship, as a field of study, is the identification and exploitation of opportunities. Shane and Venkataraman define entrepreneurship as â€Å"an activity that involves the discovery, evaluation and exploita tion of opportunities to introduce new goods and services, ways of organising, markets, processes, and raw materials, through organising efforts that previously had not existed†.They go on to scope out the field of entrepreneurship as comprising the following: when and how entrepreneurial opportunities exist; the sources of those opportunities and the forms that they take; the processes of opportunity discovery and evaluation; the acquisition of resources to the exploitation of these opportunities; the act of opportunity exploitation; why, when and how some individuals and not others discover evaluate, gather resources to and exploit opportunities; the strategies used to pursue opportunities; and the organising efforts to exploit them.In view of the economic impact of entrepreneurship, in terms of employment and innovation, and its political significance, there is also a strong applied strand of research which examines policies to promote entrepreneurship and the evaluation of related interventions. However, a major critique of entrepreneurship research is its failure to recognise the significance of time and context and to present its conclusions at least implicitly as being timeless and context free: the so-called rush to simplification and generalization.A key aspiration for this special issue is that it should demonstrate that ‘time matters’. Historical context and the operation of entrepreneurial processes include continuity and change in entrepreneurial processes; the emergence and growth of specific industry sectors; the origins, growth and demise of entrepreneurial places; changing organisational forms; and the economic impact of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has been rediscovered by economists, scholars in managerial sciences, and business historians. Typically, great entrepreneurs led the huge restructuring process of the nineties.But perhaps the most important reason for the awakened interest in the subject has been the abili ty of successful entrepreneurs to ride the great wave of innovation that has taken place in industries such as electronics and information-communication technologies. Their efforts have brought the world into the era of globalization. Entrepreneurship is so critical to the wealth and competitiveness of a nation that all advanced countries have attempted to codify it both for instructional purposes and as an aid in formulating industrial policies. But notwithstanding its acknowledged importance in the economic process, ntrepreneurship is an elusive phenomenon. Entrepreneurship appears in different sizes—from large corporations to small retail shops—and it assumes various forms. It can be the motivation for a scientist to assign economic values to his or her lab activity, or it can be the guiding force for a well-educated manager of a large corporation who utilizes techniques learned in business school. It can also be what pushes the instinctive type who is able to antic ipate demand and build an economic empire. Entrepreneurship can occur over the course of an extended, day-by-day process or it can take place in a dramatic leap.Certainly a good litmus test for detecting the presence of entrepreneurship is whether the person has the capacity to create something new. Then again, innovation does not explain everything. Not everyone we identify as an entrepreneur is an exceptional innovator. There are more hard questions rather than definitive answers in the attempt to grapple with the definition of entrepreneurship. Some of the relevant questions would be these: What are entrepreneurs engaged in besides simple innovation? Who are they? Are they individuals who risk their own money? What relationship do entrepreneurs have with the organizations they create?Are entrepreneurs indispensable to economic growth? Is it possible to separate entrepreneurship from its historical, economic, and social environment? Finally, is entrepreneurship independent of time and space? Also in the first section, and writing from the perspective of a mainstream economist, George Bitros explores the interrelationship between entrepreneurship and economies of scale and scope. Bitros observes how the development of multiproduct technologies characterized by economies of scale and scope has led to losses in market coordination due to increases in market imperfections.James Foreman-Peck eloquently demonstrates how theory and evidence have been quantitatively linked in the historical study of entrepreneurship, thereby allowing judgments to be made about entrepreneurship’s causes and effects with increasing precision. Richard Coopey investigates the intricate and complex relationship between investment and entrepreneurship, concentrating on the history of venture capital in postwar Britain and the United States. In Japan Entrepreneurial activities of a region reflect its business climate and habitat for innovation.This is particularly evident in Japan a s entrepreneurial activity in these areas especially faces a different culture and business environment. Japanese entrepreneurs were more society-oriented and concerned more about personal and globalization risks and less about market and financial risks. Japanese firms seemed to have better access to diverse financing resources including bank loans and government financing. Analysis and evaluation on entrepreneurship it is important to analyze and evaluate the past cases of setting up businesses for aiming a success of our own cases.After the collapse of the bubble economy in 1980’s, many policies and schemes have been formulated and carried out in Japan. Encouraging entrepreneurs is one of the most hopeful policies and has become the focus of recent attention. The policy aims to encourage setting up a business by each individual entrepreneur, also to reform organization in some enterprises suffering from so-called â€Å"large company sickness,† to activate venture an d to contribute strategic management of technology as a national policy.Learning from the arguments on â€Å"the lost 10 years in Japan† tells about the harder competition in the international business circumstances. After the collapse of the bubble economy in 1980’s, many policies and schemes have been formulated and carried out to encourage the weakened international competence of Japan and to recover from the economical recession. The Japanese semiconductor industry is one of the good examples that we can learn from the arguments on the bad manners and strategies in that period.History and current issue on entrepreneurship in the Japan while the US economy was dull in 1980’s when Japan was most brilliant with the bubble economy. Particularly, the current status on venture projects inside enterprises and spin-out ventures is discussed to think about the circumstances, manners, and processes on entrepreneurship in Japan. Unfortunately many technical seeds in Ja pan can hardly produce a business success. This fact is pointed out as one of the reasons why Japanese economy has been so stagnated.The problem is also considered as a common issue on technology management for many other countries, as so-called â€Å"the valley of death. † The study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's history of entrepreneurship development leading the industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, it provides a historical study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social and economic interaction in Japan. Third, it is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system.Finally, it is also a strategy study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped these circumstances. This fourfold synthesis offers a model of institutional development under conditions of late economic development and private initiative that falls somewhere between a capitalist development state and a free market economy. The popular opinion of entrepreneurship in Japan is that it is hard, getting funding and finding venture capital seems to be have been hard in the past and incubators seem rare.When discussing the history it is generally put into three categories; political, cultural and the Japanese perception on entrepreneurship. Japan has had enormous success in the past taking western concepts to adapt and improve them. If anything, the future of the Japanese entrepreneurial venture is bright. There is a lot of talent in the Japanese people for creating new things, innovating and solving real problems. But the biggest problem is that the view of entrepreneurship is so different there from the U. S. This does however create a bright future for a westerner looking to start something new in Japan.A foreigner looking to innovate and give the Japanese economy a boost can be welcomed with open arms. Final ly we can say that Entrepreneurship helps in increasing productivity and capital formation of a nation. In short, the development of the entrepreneurship is inevitable in the economic development of the country. The Role played by the entrepreneurship development can be expressed in the following words: † Economic development is the effect for which entrepreneurship is a cause† In BangladeshThe entrepreneurial history of Bangladesh dates back to the ancient era. In the ancient age, Bengal was rich in different small and cottage industries as well as trade and commerce. The basic industries were fine cotton fabric known as muslin, sugar, salt etc. These were exportable commodities for which there was a great demand in the Far East and Europe. With the establishment of Muslim rule in India, the communication system between different regions of India with Bengal developed During Pre-Mughal Muslim rule, an entrepreneur class grew in Bengal, especially in and around dhaka.The y had lofty craftsmanship in handicraft, textile weaving, milk products, jewelry etc. Dhaka attained greater commercial importance and became a major trading and entrepreneurial centre for the whole of Southeast Asia. The Europeans, particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French as well as other traders began to come in larger numbers. The jamdani saris woven in flowered or plain designs with border and ground in threads of gold, silver or silk became popular and were sent to Hejaj, Morocco, Tunisia, Delhi etc.After that the British government had imposed high taxes on the incomes of local entrepreneurs. The Muslim majority of Bengal inclined to disassociate themselves from the British because of the perception that the British had snatched power from the Muslims. The British also disliked Muslims and tried to deprive them of all economic and political opportunities. All these factors deterred the growth of entrepreneurship in Bengal during British rule. During the later hal f of the nineteenth century, Bengali capital was mostly diverted to land and non-commercial occupations.At the same time, development of transportation, primarily the expansion of railway and shipping as well as expansion of a money economy caused a rise in the price of land, making landed investments more attractive. Bengali entrepreneurs were to raise the start-up capital from the existing capital market or to borrow from the informal credit market. Attitudinal problems such as an anti entrepreneurial bias played a not too inconsequential role in the development of Bengali entrepreneurship. These biases were reflected in the derogatory attitude towards the indigenous trading communities like theSahas of Bengal or the Muslim traders of chittagong. An anti-entrepreneurial bias was dominant amongst the attitudes of political leaders and the civil bureaucracy of Bengal. After the Partition of Bengal in 1947, the eastern part of Pakistan did not inherit an experienced entrepreneurial c lass for historical reasons. Neither did this part receive adequate attention from the government of Pakistan in terms of economic incentives to induce entrepreneurial activities. The government support and facilities went more to the western part and the net result was a constrained growth of entrepreneurship in East Pakistan.The East Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (EPIDC), however, had set up some enterprises, especially a number of jute mills, and gradually handed over their ownership to the local associates. This had indirectly helped the growth of an entrepreneur class in Bangladesh. The country inherited a shattered economy after the war of liberation of 1971. Mills and factories were closed down, agricultural production was interrupted and infrastructural facilities like roads, bridges, railways, power transmission lines, telephone network, gas pipe lines etc. ere broken down. Because of the political commitment and also because of the exodus of non-Bengali owner s of mills, factories and banks the government had nationalized all such establishments immediately after liberation. Within a few years after independence, the government policy was changed and the role of private sector given due importance. The disinvestment and denationalization policies have facilitated the ownership of large, medium and small industrial and commercial enterprises by Bengali entrepreneurs.The government, however, brought changes in trade and industrial policies alongside the monetary and exchange rate policies. Import controls were considerably relaxed to reduce the level of protection, thus encouraging efficiency in resource allocation and promotion of competitive abilities of domestic industries. The bangladesh shilpa rin sangstha (bsrs), bangladesh shilpa bank (BSB) and investment corporation of bangladesh (ICB) acted as prime movers for industrial development in Bangladesh.BSCIC industrial estates and export processing zone (EPZ) authorities have provided a large number of entrepreneurs with infrastructural facilities including land for industrial location, water, power, sewerage, gas, telephone, extension and counseling services and store and warehousing facilities. In Bangladesh quite a number of entrepreneurial ventures have been the creation of corporate spin-offs. They embarked upon new ventures with the experience and skill that they gathered while serving an enterprise. In Bangladesh the garment industry has been the creation of spin-offs.Similarly, many chemical engineers starting their career in the Chemical Industries Corporation ultimately left their jobs and started new chemical/ pharmaceuticals enterprises. A special group of entrepreneurs, creators of the corporate new ventures, identified technically as intrapreneurs, create new products and processes within large organisations. They do not start a new enterprise or industry but create new products with their innovative and inventive ideas. Their corporate entrepreneurs hip opens up new horizons of opportunities for the corporate structure where they serve.The establishment of many new chemical plants/product lines under Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation is an example of corporate entrepreneurship. The dholaikhal in Bangladesh is an example of emulating entrepreneurship that matches the experience of countries like Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan in the growth of entrepreneurship during the early years of economic development through the emulative dexterity of their people. Gradually, the emulative capability of local entrepreneurs helped indigenous technology to flourish, and this, under active government patronage, facilitated the growth of entrepreneurship.Apart from a few multinational companies like Bata Shoe Company and Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited, public sector enterprises have not developed a positive attitude towards this system. An import-biased policy and fiscal anomaly also impede its proper development. bangladesh bank in a ssociation with commercial banks and the Bangladesh Institute of Management launched an Entrepreneurial Development Programme for educated unemployed youths. Similarly, BSCIC, in association with USAID initiated a Women Entrepreneurship Development Programme.However, it is not clearly known how many new entrepreneurs have been created as a result of the training and education. In Pakistan The history of National entrepreneurship and its development in Pakistan, we shall find that almost every company we know today began as an SME. Europe, United States, China and our neighbour India started developing Microsoft industries with small man power in a rented house or in a small industrial unit. It is believed that Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as key actors in national development and employment creation.World trade and manufacturing is now shifting to east. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a very assorted group of businesses usually operating in the service, tr ade, agri-business, and manufacturing sectors. The contribution of uplifting National Economy and improving National prosperity the role of Small and medium industries is imperative. In Pakistan small business and cottage industries hold an important position in rural areas. In 2005 infrastructure in remote areas had improved considerably.Most villages are self sufficient in the basic necessities of life. They have their own carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, craftsmen and cotton weavers. Many families depend on cottage industries for income. Due to the tremendous effort of SMEDA (Small and medium enterprises Development authority) the concept of small industries have also gained immense importance in cities and towns. Government should encourage cottage and small-scale industries Government support to this workable Organization with its proven success record both in rural set up, cities and towns is crucial.SME BASELINE SURREY-2009is a tremendous effort done by the team of policy an d planning division of Smeda under the dynamic leadership of its chief Shahid Rashid. This survey conducted by Gallup Pakistan with the financial assistance of Asian Development Bank is inclusive report and guide line for SMEs policy makers. All the chapters of this survey reports grab the attention of business community as its deals with almost all related aspects that bound with promotion of entrepreneurial culture.Pakistan Government should place the development of SMEs on a high priority area and this should be reflected in its National development agendas. With the consultation of highly skilled staff of SMEDA the policy makers should prepare the key strategies for SME development in coming years. Like Pakistan Government may constitute National SME Development Council. The consistent progress and devote work of SMEDA during the last 12 years reveals that SMEDA is a right organization to be trusted. Ministry of industries and production should give maximum incentive to this via ble institution.The dream of having an organization to support facilitators emerged as people working with participatory group facilitation methods were sharing approaches that worked in their practices. People, who can build consensus, maximize participation and move toward action are in high demand in today's world. The idea of SOFT emerged from the last 10 years efforts being made at the plat form of National IPM Program implemented in different phases all over Pakistan. To maintain and further this pace, formations of a society to use the national resources in a productive way become indispensable.The Society of Facilitators and Trainers (SOFT) are formed by a group of professionals desiring an avenue for interchange, professional development, trend analysis and peer networking. A formal association was proposed and adopted at the 2nd National IPM Facilitators congress in Islamabad, November, 2004 and finally a Society of Facilitators & Trainers has been registered under the Soc iety Registration Act 1860 on 23rd July, 2009 in Islamabad. Since then, the SOFT has grown to over hundreds of members from all over Pakistan.Society remains committed improving livelihood & social development through Skills enhancement by creating a network of local organizations for improved productivities, healthy environment, value addition and entrepreneurship development of rural communities’ especially poor farmer’s organizations and regional networks. Propelling Women's Entrepreneurship in Pakistan Supporting Pakistani Women Entrepreneurs in Expanding and Strengthening their Businesses by Connecting them with Successful Professional Women Mentors.A select group of women will be chosen to be mentors in the first collaborative program between the U. S. Department of State’s Office of Global Women’s Issues, Goldman Sach’s 10,000 Women Initiative, and the Thunderbird School of Global Management to expand women entrepreneurship in Pakistan. This opportunity will make a difference in the lives of female entrepreneurs by providing a network that fosters sustainable change and economic empowerment for women in Pakistan. In India History of entrepreneurship in India:Several entrepreneurial phases in India have passed since independence. A slow pace of development was reflected in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as the entire economy was changing from an agro based economy to an industrialized economy. Soon after that the upcoming entrepreneurs got support from the government as well. A number of SSI sprouted up in late 1960s and 1970s. Here an intensive movement was initialized for further promotion of entrepreneurship. Finally, in 1980 India was able to liberalize imports and began with small and medium scale entrepreneurs.Further, the economic reforms were introduced in 1990. It was a kind of disillusion for the budding Indian entrepreneurs and now in the 2000 the entrepreneurial scenario has undergone a vast change. Now Ind ia is taking part in global entrepreneurship. History of Entrepreneurship Evolution in India: Barter system & currency Caste System Agriculture Education Colonial rule Managing agents Trader community SSI Founder Entrepreneurs development Reforms in 1990’s Liberalization India Multinationals and Joint Ventures 50 years of Indian Entrepreneurship:Indians have always been entrepreneurial in nature, its just only recently that this word is being used so often. So it is no surprise that India celebrates 50 years of Indian Entrepreneurship. The arrival of independence, the early decade of 1950-60s marked a slow progress from an agrarian economy to an industrialised market. Industry was dominated by textile power looms in and around Bombay, Ahmedabad, Calcutta and Madras. The 1960s saw the rapid expansion in large scale government sponsored heavy industry being set up across the country.Undermining the role that an individual enterprise can play in a country's economic growth, the government went ahead building state owned enterprises dependent on centralised planning In the 1970s , there was an intensive campaign to promote entrepreneurship among the Indian business community. This was the first effort to promote entrepreneurship in a concentrated manner. It was inspired by the fund raising campaign that happened during the second Indo-Pak War in 1965-66. The late 1980s marked the new beginning for the small and medium entrepreneurs in India with the new government choosing to move towards a market oriented economy.The economic crisis of the early 1990s resulted in economic reforms and a deliberate move towards globalization and liberalization of the Indian Economy. Soon by the early 2000 , it was common to see young professionals preferring to become entrepreneurs and the least preferred career path was a stable government sector job. With the dawn of the new service oriented economy, young professionals will increasingly work in the private sector and late r choose to start a business of their own. A Unique Business Plan The day is not so far that one day all the sources of oil, gas, coal, petrol and fuel will be exhausted.Instead there remains the Nuclear power. But after the large happening of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan(11 March, 2011),for the inversion of Nuclear Power Plant, they are bound to decide to banned all of there Nuclear Power Plant as it largely increased the level of carbon dioxide in air. At the same time for the same reason Germany have also decided to banned their all Nuclear Power Plant within 2022. And then there will be no solution of the sources of power and electricity except only the Wind and Solar System.From when we have given to choose a unique business plan we are thinking what kind of business should we choose that are eco friendly, save our environment and that will be the permanent solution of any of our major scarcity problem. And that is the power, energy the electricity problem. In order to s ee a poverty free world, energy security for all must be ensured. As the conventional sources of energy are limited and can not meet the increasing need of the common people, wide dissemination of renewable energy technologies is the only way out.We think our Business plan a large scale program to provide Wind and Solar home systems that will play a leading role in the rural households in Bangladesh. We have designed, supplied and installed systems for a wide range of clients. We can design and supply a system to meet exact needs and our systems include all balance-of-system components. Remote power systems are ideal for providing energy to rural properties, alternative power systems and small community power supplies. If you live in an area where there is no electricity and connecting to the electricity grid is not an option, most likely it is far too expensive!The UK is unusual in that it experiences good wind conditions so wind power is certainly viable. Coupled with sunshine, a solar and wind solution provides a reliable, safe, environmentally friendly and user-friendly source of electricity for a very long time. A solar and wind power solution will need little maintenance simply because there are no moving parts. Component failure is very rare and come with superb guarantees, solar panels offer a 25 year warranty as standard. Best of all, you are generating your own electricity for free! [pic] [pic][pic][pic]With an off grid system you will need somewhere to store the generated electricity and this is usually stored in batteries. The battery bank provides electricity at night, and during periods of cloud cover. Systems can comprise of a stand-alone pv system and wind turbine, solar pv system. Stand-alone solar (only pv) systems require high availability and so systems are often oversized, to account for long summer short winter sunshine. Remote power systems are installed for a range of reasons, including: †¢ expensive grid connection; †¢ desire to use renewable energy; †¢ low running costs; environmentally safe no overhead wires; †¢ CO2 emission, reduces pollution and natural climatic changes. [pic] [pic] Dual Wind Turbine and Solar Close up of wind turbine and solar panel PV Off-Grid System Application: Remote water pumping [pic] Wind turbine and solar panels Bottom of Form Eco friendly energy efficient power supply Using Wind and Solar systems: We know that a business plan is a document that is used as a base for future actions of the business venture. And an essential steps in getting a new venture of the ground is the preparation of a business plan.To prepare a business plan we have to consider a number of steps in this manner. The related important steps of preparing our business plan are here briefly examined as follows- Commitment of Starting A Business: First of all a commitment are to be made to enter into a business. And we all are firmly determined, committed and decided to start a business by ourselv es. SWOT Analysis: Each business conducts a SWOT analysis by which it evaluates business’s overall strengths(S), weakness (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T). We have also made an SWOT analysis that generates from our study are highlighted as follows: Strengths: . Adequate natural resources (sunlight and wind), 2. Availability of manpower, 3. Lower labor cost, 4. Available raw materials, 5. Having theoretical knowledge of business, 6. Strong desire and enthusiasm for establishing business, 7. Transportation and communication facilities etc. Weakness: 1. Required a huge amount of capital, 2. Required a lot of research and analysis, 3. Lack of practical knowledge for implementation and establishment of a new business. Opportunities: 1. Greater employment opportunities, 2. Increasing overall economic development of the country, 3. Greater utilization of natural resources, 4.Advanced technologies, 5. Ease of Govt. rules, regulations and facilities, 6. Better opportunities of expanding any kind of businesses in Bangladesh. Threats: 1. The response towards the product or service may be lower than expectation, 2. Challenging competitors, 3. Any kind of risk taken. 4. High initial installation costs and 5. Limited government support compared to that of other countries. If we can not utilize our strength and opportunities properly it may take form into threat for our business. And if we can overcome the threats and weakness then it may convert into our strength that may create a lot of opportunities.Selection of Product or Services: After SWOT analysis we are determined to go to such kind of business which best fit with our Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats as well as with our desires. We have decided to choose a business idea which is environment friendly and permanent solution of any problem of our country. Keeping on this on our mind we found the current major electricity problem that are increasing day by day in our country. Thus we have cho sen a business idea of eco friendly energy efficient power supply by using our adequate and available sun light and wind through solar and wind system.By purchasing solar panels and wind turbines we will make installation and give power supply from both sun light and air simultaneously. Whenever sun light is available the solar panel will provide required electricity through saving power into the batteries. If sun light is not available then the wind turbine will serve power from air like the solar panel. That means there will be always alternative in absence of any one and 24 hour it will supply electricity which are of a tremendous demand now-a-days in our country as it is emerged under load shading largely.Thus it is the new use of old product that have not yet come in Bangladesh. And as we have adequate sunshine and air all over the year, that are everlasting have available manpower, also have lower labor cost, easy collection of inventories, greater transportation and communica tion facilities, helps to cut carbon emissions from buildings, and a strong desire to do something new for the welfare of our natural environment as well as the whole country. Our business plan is thus both product and service oriented. [pic] Independent Wind & Solar Hybrid Power Supply System Solutions for BuildingBusiness type: Manufacturer, retail sales, wholesale supplier, importer. Service types: consulting, system design, installation, construction, engineering, project development services, training services, research services, site survey and assessment services, maintenance and repair services, recycling services, testing service.. Product types: Building Eco-friendly Energy Efficient Wind & Solar Power Supply System Solutions for building configurations may include a mixture of possible electrical generating sources, including inverters and batteries. There are five main components of an off grid systems. Solar panels ; †¢ Wind turbine; †¢ Controller; †¢ Bat tery bank & †¢ Power Inverter; A customized system has a lot of options and we can offer a wide range of products to suit all requirements. These include: [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Solar panels wind turbine controller Battery bank Power Inverter Expected profit, time, investment and Projected Income Statement: As significantly, with attracted major investment from finance institutions will help our business to make both life-enhancing and profitable through technology and sustainability.As it is a new business we can not expect a maximum profit on this. We will give at least two years to establish the business at first. So that we can retain the customer for a long time. When our business will start to make large sales volume and service available then we will expect to make profit from this business on about 20% on our turnover. Our business will be started with an investment of about 1crore tk. In this manner we have presented here a projected income statement . â€Å"Ri sing Partnership & Service Ltd† Projected Income Statement For The Year Ended Dec31, 2011 Particulars |Tk |Tk | |Sales revenue: | |3000000 | |Less: sales returns |200000 | | |Sales discount |50000 |250000 | | | | | |Net sales | | | |Cost of goods sold: | | | |Purchase | | | |Gross profit (A-B) | | | |Operating expense: | | | |Office and dministrative expense: | | | |Office expense | | | |Manager’s salary | | | |Rent expense | | | |Utilities expense | | | |Depreciation | | | |Transportation expense | | | |Insurance | | | |Supplies | | | |Repair expense | | | |Selling expense: | | | |Sales manager salaries | | | |Advertising expenses | | | | | | | |Total operating expenses | | | | | | | |Income from operation (C-D) | | | |Other revenues & gain: | | | |Interest revenue | | | |Other expense & cases : | | | |Interest xpense(5000000*10%) | | | |Net income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2000 | | | | | | | |10 0000 | | | | | | | |30000 | | | | | | | |18000 | | | | | | | |9000 | | | | | | | |50000 | | | |4500 | | | | | | |3000 | | | | | | | |7500 | | | | | | | | | | | |75000 | | | | | | | |100000 | | | | |2750000 | | | | | | | |1520000 | | | | | | | |1230000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |224000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |175000 | | | |399000 | | | | | | | | | | | |831000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10000 | | | | | | | |500000 | | | | | | | | |490000 | | | | | | | |341000 | | | | | Merchandising Plan: For marketing our product we have prepared a merchandising plan.The marketing plan of our product depends on the demand of our customer towards our product and services. Basically our product and services will be given to the general customer. And our required materials and inventories will be collected from a number of reliable sources from Dhaka, Chittagong and from outside of the country as required. The wind & solar energy systems product companies where we will get all our required product available and sources from where we will mainly purchase are- 1. Bangladesh Wind And Solar Technologies. Address: Road # 04, Banani, Dhaka1213, Bangladesh 2. A B Power. Address: House 33, Road 18, Banani, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh 3. Global Trade & Technology. Address: House 9/3, South Mugda, P.O-Bashabo, Dhaka 1214, Bangladesh 4. Xebec & Partners Limited. Address: H-71, New Airport Road, Mohakhali, Dhaka1212 Bangladesh 5. Goldenfair International Trading Company. Address: HOUSE-502, ROAD-34,New D. O. H. S. , Mohakhali, DHAKA-1206 Export Markets:   North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania, Mid East, Eastern Asia, Western Europe etc. Estimated Expense-Variable and Fixed: The available capacity of solar panel varies from 20 wp to & 5 wp for Bangladesh. The cost of solar panel and wind turbine, installation cost and cost of other material s depends on how many wp are needed. They are varies at different prices.But the price ranges are generally between 12,650 tk to 45,000 tk. The cost of installing wind turbines also varies where they are sited. Compared to other renewable sources of energy, solar and wind power has a high capital outlay but the maintenance requirements and costs are extremely low. From our projected income statement the estimated expense in terms of fixed cost and variable cost of our business are- Fixed Cost Variable Cost Manager’s salary 100000 Office expense 2000 Sales manager salaries 75000 Utilities expense 18000Rent expense 30000 Advertising expenses 100000 Depreciation 9000 Transportation expense 50000 Insurance 4500 Supplies 3000 Interest expense 500000 Repair expense 7500 Total: 718500 180500 Total Cost: (718500+180500) =899000 Tk Determination of BEP: As our business is a completely new one, thus it is our expectation that first 2 and 3 year our business should be at Break-Even Poi nt (BEP).We will make our effort best so it must not go beyond the BEP. Consideration of Credit Sales: In our business plan we are considering sales on credit as it will encourage customer to purchase more that is helpful to spread our business all over the country in future. Our administrative decision will involve a recovery agency, we must make a provision for doubtful debts and will also include a number of terms and conditions. In this manner customer can pay on installment basis for which an installment policy required to be considered. Statement of Assets: The asset that are estimated in case of our business are presented below showing a statement of assets to be used- Statement of Assets Assets |Tk | |Current assets: | | |Cash |741000 | |Accounts receivable |100000 | |Fixed assets: | | |Building |3500000 | |Plant |4000000 | |Furniture |40000 | |Investment |200000 | |Total |

Critical Mass Analysis - 2078 Words

Critical Mass Analysis Unit 2 Deena Rothwell Kaplan University GM505 Action Research and Consulting Skills Professor Gunzelman October 26 ,2010 Critical Mass Analysis In order for a researcher to conduct an action research analysis several factors must be determined. The specific purpose for the research, the components, and stakeholders. My action research project is to address a specific problem my agency has with employee retention within the patrol division during the past three years. In conducting a critical mass analysis it is important to determine who has influence and can assist with making suggestions on changes or give necessary data. Stringer (2007) states, action research is a systematic approach to investigation†¦show more content†¦Both lieutenants have worked for the agency more than 10 years and are familiar with many aspects that can influence employee retention. Detective Sergeant Jimmy Courtney is supervisor over the criminal investigation division and has worked for the agency for 10 years in several positions. He has expertise in the agency workings through working several years as a patrol o fficer and working closely with the patrol division. Sgt. Courtney has the ability to influence decisions but not approve change. As facilitator, I have worked for the agency for more than 18 years and worked in the criminal investigation division for 10 years, where I worked closely with the patrol division. The past 8 years I have worked in the administration division and where I work closely with all the agencies division and have insider data that can assist with determining what components and factors have influenced the decrease in employee retention over the past three years. 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